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Q: What is hepatitis? A: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis. There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact. Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Q: What are the different hepatitis viruses? A: Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids. HBV can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood. Transmission may also occur through transfusions of HBV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. HBV also poses a risk to healthcare workers who sustain accidental needle stick injuries while caring for infected-HBV patients. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood. This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections occur only in those who are infected with HBV. The dual infection of HDV and HBV can result in a more serious disease and worse outcome. Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. HEV is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing parts of the world and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of disease in developed countries. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available.
Signs and symptoms
Many people with hepatitis experience either mild symptoms or none at all. Remember that an infected person's feces are always infectious to other people. When symptoms appear, they usually do so about 15 to 180 days after the person has become infected.
The acute phase of hepatitis - symptoms
The initial phase of hepatitis is called the acute phase. The symptoms are like a mild flu, and may include:
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Mild fever
Muscle or joint aches
Nausea
Slight abdominal pain
Vomiting
Weight loss.
The acute phase is not usually dangerous, unless it develops into the fulminant or rapidly progressing form, which can lead to death. As the patient gets worse, these symptoms may follow:
Patient outcomes after the acute phase depend on various factors, especially the type of hepatitis.
Hepatitis A transmitted by food
The hepatitis A virus is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne infection. Epidemics related to contaminated food or water can erupt explosively, such as the epidemic in Shanghai in 1988 that affected about 300 000 people. Hepatitis A viruses persist in the environment and can resist food-production processes routinely used to inactivate and/or control bacterial pathogens. The disease can lead to significant economic and social consequences in communities. It can take weeks or months for people recovering from the illness to return to work, school or daily life. The impact on food establishments identified with the virus, and local productivity in general, can be substantial.
Preventing hepatitis
How to prevent hepatitis A
Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet
Only consume food that has just been cooked
Only drink commercially bottled water, or boiled water if you're unsure of local sanitation
Only eat fruits that you can peel if you are somewhere where sanitation is unreliable
Only eat raw vegetables if you are sure they have been cleaned/disinfected thoroughly
Get a vaccine for hepatitis A if you travel to places where hepatitis may be endemic.
How to prevent hepatitis B
Tell the partner if you are a carrier or try to find out whether he/she is a carrier
Practice safe sex
Only use clean syringes that have not been used by anyone else
Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments
Have a hepatitis B series of shots if you are at risk
Only allow well sterilized skin perforating equipment (tattoo, acupuncture, etc.).
How to prevent hepatitis C
If you are infected do not let others share your toothbrush, razor, manicure equipment
If you are infected cover open wounds
Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment
If your skin is to be pierced, make sure equipment is well sterilized (tattoo, etc.)
Go easy on the alcohol
Do not share drug equipment.
How to prevent hepatitis D
Use the same guidelines as for hepatitis B. Only a person who is infected with hepatitis B can become infected with hepatitis D.
How to prevent hepatitis E
Do the same as you would to protect yourself from hepatitis A infection.
How to prevent alcoholic hepatitis
Go easy on the alcohol, or abstain from consuming alcohol.
How to prevent toxic/drug induced hepatitis
Make sure you know about the lethal contents of all chemicals
Make sure the spray is not pointing at you
Make sure you wear protective gear if you have to.
How is it treated?
Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications — including lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), telbivudine (Tyzeka) and entecavir (Baraclude) — can help fight the virus and slow its ability to damage your liver. ...
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Goiters can be any one of several types of growths in the thyroid gland, located at the base of the front side of the neck just below the Adam's apple.
In the case of Graves' disease, the entire thyroid gland becomes enlarged.
Another type, called toxic nodular goiter, results when one or more nodules, or adenomas, develop in the thyroid and trigger excess production of thyroid hormone.
In short, a goiter is any enlargement of the thyroid gland. A goiter may be a temporary problem that will remedy itself over time without medical intervention, or a symptom of another, possibly severe, thyroid condition that requires medical attention.
What Causes a Goiter?
Goiters can occur when the thyroid gland produces either too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism). Much more rarely, the problem may arise when the pituitary gland stimulates thyroid growth to boost production of the hormone. Enlargement could also occur with normal production of thyroid hormone, such as a nontoxic multinodular gland.
Another type of thyroid growth, called a sporadic goiter, can form if your diet includes too many goiter-promoting foods, such as soybeans, rutabagas, cabbage, peaches, peanuts, and spinach. Keep in mind you would have to eat huge amounts of these foods to cause a goiter. These foods can suppress the manufacture of thyroid hormone by interfering with your thyroid's ability to process iodide. Historically, the most common cause used to be a lack of iodide in the diet, however in the 1920s iodized salt was introduced in the U.S. now making this a rare cause of goiters. Iodine is added to other foods as well.
Symptoms
The main symptom is an enlarged thyroid gland. The size may range from a single small nodule to a large neck lump. Some people with a simple goiter may have symptoms of an underactive thyroid gland. In rare cases, an enlarged thyroid can put pressure on the windpipe (trachea) and food tube (esophagus). This can lead to:
Breathing difficulties (with very large goiters), especially when lying on the back
Cough
Hoarseness
Swallowing difficulties, especially with solid food
Treatment
A goiter only needs to be treated if it is causing symptoms. Treatments for an enlarged thyroid include:
Thyroid hormone replacement pills, if the goiter is due to an underactive thyroid
Small doses of Lugol's iodine or potassium iodine solution if the goiter is due to a lack of iodine
Radioactive iodine to shrink the gland, especially if the thyroid is producing too much thyroid hormone
C24/7 3x a day for therapy
Why C24/7?
C24/7 Phyto-energizer is rich in “IODINE” that can guard and protects your body from”hyperthyroidism”or “hypothyroidism"
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Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. There are several types of blood cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. Generally, leukemia refers to cancers of the WBCs. Two types of WBCs often involved in leukemia are granulocytes and lymphocytes. White blood cells are a vital part of your immune system. They protect your body from invasion by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. WBCs also protect your body from abnormal cells and other foreign substances. In leukemia, the white blood cells have mutated. These mutant white blood cells may divide too quickly and eventually crowd out normal cells. Often, they do not function as normal WBCs. Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. When WBCs leave the marrow, they are found in the lymph nodes and spleen. They also circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic systems.
The Types of Leukemia
The onset of leukemia can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (slow onset). In chronic leukemia, cancer cells increase slowly. Early symptoms can be very mild. Acute leukemia develops quickly. Cancer cells increase rapidly and symptoms occur early. Acute and chronic leukemia are also classified according to the cell type. Leukemia involving myeloid cells is called myelogenous leukemia. These cells are immature blood cells that would normally become granulocytes or monocytes. Leukemia involving lymphocytes is called lymphocytic leukemia. There are four main types of leukemia.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) has a rapid onset. It can occur in children and adults. About 13,000 new cases of AML are diagnosed annually. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) has a slow onset and affects mostly adults. About 5,000 new cases of CML are diagnosed annually. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) has a rapid onset and occurs mostly in children. 5,000 new cases of ALL are diagnosed annually. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is slow in onset. It is most likely to affect people over the age of 55. It is very rarely seen in children. There are about 15,000 new cases of CLL diagnosed every year. Hairy cell leukemia is another type of leukemia. It is very rare.
Part 3 of 7: Risks
Risk Factors for Leukemia
The causes of leukemia are not known. However, several factors have been identified which may increase your risk. These include:
family history of leukemia
smoking (AML)
genetic disorders such as Down syndrome
blood disorders - myelodysplastic syndromes are sometimes known as pre-leukemia
prior treatment for cancer with chemotherapy or radiation
exposure to high levels of radiation
chemical exposures, such as to benzene
What Are the Symptoms of Leukemia?
The symptoms of leukemia include:
excessive sweating, especially at night
fatigue and weakness that do not go away with rest
unintentional weight loss
bone pain and tenderness
painless, swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck and armpits)
enlargement of the liver or spleen
red spots on the skin (petechiae)
bleeding and bruising easily
fever or chills
frequent infections
Leukemia can also cause symptoms in organs that have been infiltrated or affected by the cancer cells. For example, central nervous system involvement can cause:
headaches
nausea and vomiting
confusion
loss of muscle control
seizures
Leukemia can also involve the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys, and testes.
Part 5 of 7: Diagnosis
Diagnosing Leukemia
Leukemia may be suspected if you have certain risk factors or symptoms. Then diagnosis begins with a complete history and physical examination. The physical exam looks for pale skin, tender bones, enlarged lymph nodes, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Leukemia can not be fully diagnosed by physical exam. Instead, doctors will use blood tests, biopsies, and imaging studies to see if you have this cancer. There are a number of different tests that can be used to diagnose leukemia:
Complete Blood Counts determine the numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets in the blood. Looking at your blood under a microscope can also determine if the cells have an abnormal appearance. Tissue biopsies can be taken from the bone marrow or lymph nodes to look for evidence of leukemia. These small samples can identify the type of leukemia and its growth rate. Biopsies of other organs such as the liver and spleen can show if the cancer has spread. Flow Cytometry examines the DNA of the cancer cells and determines their growth rate. Liver Function Tests show whether leukemia cells are affecting or invading the liver. These tests look for elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is a substance made by the liver from the breakdown of RBCs. Lumbar puncture is performed by inserting a thin needle between the vertebrae of your lower back. This allows your doctor to collect spinal fluid and determine if cancer has spread to the central nervous system. Imaging studies help doctors look for damage leukemia has caused in other organs. These may include:
X-rays
Ultrasound
CT scan
PET scan
2D echocardiogram
pulmonary function tests
Once your leukemia is diagnosed, it will be staged. Staging helps your doctor determine your prognosis. AML and ALL are staged based on how cancer cells look under the microscope and the type of cell involved. ALL and CLL are staged based on the WBC count at the time of diagnosis. The presence of immature cells white blood cells (myeloblasts) in the blood and bone marrow is also used to stage AML and CML.
Part 6 of 7: Treatment
Treating Leukemia
Leukemia is usually treated by a hematologist-oncologist. These are doctors who specialize in blood disorders and cancer. Treatment depends upon the type and stage of the cancer. Some slow growing forms of leukemia do not need immediate treatment. This is called “watchful waiting.” However, treatment of leukemia usually involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and possibly stem cell transplantation. The cells in your bone marrow which make new blood are known as stem cells. Stem cell transplantation replaces your stem cells with cells from a healthy donor. This can keep your body from making more cancerous cells. The diseased bone marrow has to be destroyed before a stem cell transplant can be performed. Doctors do this with chemotherapy and radiation. Radiation therapy can be directed to a specific part of the body or applied to the entire body. This is known as whole body radiation. Biological therapy can also be used to treat leukemia. It uses medications to boost your immune system. Targeted therapy uses drugs that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in cancer cells. Imatinib (Gleevec) is a targeted drug that acts against a protein found in CML cells.
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